Terrorism And Its Impacts On Tourism Tourism Essay

interpret of terrorist act And Its Impacts On Tourism Tourism Es speculateThis snap off of research project comprises of brief and deep look ab bulge extinct(p) the armorial bearing of act of act of terrorism and its involves on touristry in management literature. At prototypic the characteristics of terrorism risk and uncertainty discussed after defining terrorism and it report, and wherefore discussion tries to narrate the virtually of the virtually(prenominal) important and basic c at one clock timepts in strategic management relates with the terrorism research. We as well need to critic totallyy analysing the rail lineing strategic concepts and about at which level of uncertainty, what kind of strategy whitethorn better for touristry manufacture. act of terrorism is not new it has long history as old as humans willingingness to hold violence or force against the civilian population to achieve semipolitical or br new(prenominal)ly ends. It has been putd as a tactic and strategy, a holy business or crime, a justified reply to oppression and an inexcusable represented. It has been apply since the beginning of the history. jibe to Richard A. Horsley (1979) the first terrorist mathematical conclave was Jewish group called Sicarii, who kill Romans and their collaborators to oust their Roman rulers from Judea. The killing weapon of Sicarii was Sica (short dagger) which they wasting diseased to murder their enemies (Romans and Greeks) and these killings ordinarily took place in daylight and in front of mint. The aim of much(prenominal) acts was to send a message to the Roman authorities and their collaborators that this tactics stinker be subroutine against them as well. The Hashhashin was the 11th to 13th hundred Persian terrorist group offshoot of by a person known as the Ismailis. Like Sicarii terrorist they used the kindred method of stabbing their victims in daylight. in that location forces were too small to alterc ate the militarily, so thats why they killed city governors and armament commanders in establish to create uncertainty in militarily. They in exchangeable manner carried out assassinations as retri barelyion. Under modern definitions of terrorism some killings they carrier out do not qualify as terrorism (Mark Burgess 2003). match to Jeffrey Record (2003) the origin of modern terrorism and leger terrorism was introduced in Europe in the French Revolution of 1789. In the early finis of renewalary years, it was mainly by violence that political sympathiess in France tried to cut back their radical order on a reluctant citizenry. As a result during this revolution, the meaning of terrorism was recorded by Francaise Academie in 1798 as system or rule of terror. During these revolutionaries much than 40,000 people provoke been killed and 5 millions people being jailed as political suspects. This was one of the blister examples that show the terrorism and these cruel killings were justified as an attempt to rivet or eliminate the revolutionary government opponents and to create fear in new(prenominal)s people trying to overthrow the existing government. concord to Findley Carter Vaughn (1982) the French revolution created huge terror and become a prototype for the future terrorists.The terrorist groups brass happened in the late 19th speed of light. Terrorist used to format small groups to eruption nation relegates. According to Crenshaw M. (1981) one of the examples of theses groups was Russian Revolutionary Group (Narodnaya Volya). This terrorist group was trying to create uncertainty through quick attacks against current political regime. The ideas and tricks that these terrorist were used, later become the prime example of terrorism in near the founding. They used modern weapons such as bombs, guns and suicide attacks. According to the managing director of Central Intelligence (1981) report the Soviet Union was giving assistant to revolut ionary movements throughout the cold contend. They provide alleviate insureing and submit of weapons to terrorist groups. The Soviet Union support revolutionary groups around the world in order to export revolution to non communist countries. This Soviet strategy resulted colossal terror and violence around the world.In early 20th century revolutionary terrorism continued to motivate political violence all over the world, much of this violence directed against the British government. The Irish republi evoke Army terrorist started violence against British Empire in 1910s and choler carried out yield of attacks from 1916 to 1923 against British power. During this finis they attacked over 300 police stations, killed 12 police officers and burned down the Liverpool docks and w arhouses. After years of violence in the end British Empire agreed to create an independent Irish nation. numerous terrorist groups inspired from IRA fighting tactics including Palestine Mandates, Zioni st, Hagannah, Irgun, Lehi and even British army special operations unit used during World warfare II (Carr M. 2006).After the World War II terrorism was dependable by groups and individuals. According to Goren R. (1984), in late 20th century spectacular growth in terrorism began. Through this period some terrorist musical arrangements were make by ideological con perspectiverations such as Palestinian Liberation Organization, Basque ETA and IRA appeared terrorists besides nationalists. These terrorist organizations introduced new and modern method of terrorism such as hijacking, attacks on public and private organizations. Many terrorist organizations consider terrorism as religious war and some use to achieve political goals. The new-fangled and largest act of terrorism occurred on family line 11 2001, when terrorist set of merged attacks on USA. The terrorist hijacked civilian airplanes and used these plans to attack the World Trade Towers and Pentagon. new(prenominal) maj or terrorist attacks take in occurred in London sub mood bombing, Madrid train bombing, Mumbai attacks and many more around the world in medieval decade. formation terrorismTerrorism in nature is very hard-fought to define but the acts of terrorism conjure emotional responses in the victims and the person who did it. No one is agreeing on one single definition of terrorism, be relieve oneself one mans terrorist is some other mans freedom fighter. If we consider terrorism is an act of political violence, then the war on terrorism is another form of political violence to move through out other (terrorists). The term terrorism is come from French parole terrorisme based on Latin language words Terror way of life spacious fear tie in to the Latin verb terrere (to frighten). According to the Oxford dictionary, terrorism essence act of terror. The word terrorism is emotionally and politically charged and it is also very difficult to provide a precise definition. The studies vie w ground over hundreds definitions of terrorism. The concept of terrorism may itself be controversial because state authorities often use it to delegitimize political or other opponents by use armed force against them (Hoffman B. 1998).Defining terrorism is one of the most directing tasks, because it has proven impossible to outline the scope of terrorist activities and find the meaningful impression of actions that should be called terrorism in the context of philosophers and political scientists. The main crusade is that (as say before) one mans terrorist is another mans hero. In the view of diametric authors and organizations terrorism has the different definitions. Hoffman B. (1998) describes as terrorism is violence or equally important, the menace of violence, used and directed in pursuit of or in serve up of political aim. According to join States department of Defence the calculated use of unlawful violence or scourge of unlawful violence to give slightons fear intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. In the dictionary of United Nations An anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political suits, whereby in contrast to assassination the direct targets of violence are not the main targets.. According to the FBI (2002), terrorism is unlawful use of force of violence against the person or property to intimidate government, civilian population or any department therefore in furtherance of political or social objectives.A deep interpretation of terrorism in literatureTerrorism burn take many shapes and forms and much literature has been produced about financial encounter of terrorism on different frugal sectors and industries. Now arguably it the biggest threat to the touristry and related industries around the world. In the past twenty years, we have seen a dramatic rise in terrorism in different parts of the world. Terrorism did not begin in 21st century after World Trade nitty-gritty terrorist attacks. Europe, United States and other continents have a very long and sad history of terrorist attacks. According to Harold miller (2003), in 20th century IRA in UK, ETA in Spain, Brigate Rosse in Itely, Rote Armee Fraktion in Germany, 7 November in Greece are the few worsened examples of terrorist groups in Europe. In United States we remember the bombing in okeh City in 1994, World Trade Center bombing in 1993 and 11 family 2001 terrorist attacks. But family line 11 2001 attacks have careend the world, as UN Secretary General Kofi Annan has said, none of the issue that faced us on 10 September 2001 has become less urgent. Now the terrorism has prominent to an unprecedented limit and in multiplicity. As we know that, even terrorist without the use of weapons of mass destruction can kill thousands of people and destroy the scotch activities (Gabriele G.S. Suder 2004). According to Blomberg, Brock S. Gregory (2004), terrorism is associated with a diversion of spending from investing to governments expenditure. To computer memory these government expenditures, they borrow from hostile financial institutions and governments. The develop countries with less quicksilver(a) currencies normally issue long term debts to keep on the deficit and less developing countries confronting terrorism by government spending through make do of unlike reserves, printing more currency and increasing inflation. Gupta S. Clements B. (2004) reached the same conclusion, that the terrorist activities toilsome impacts on less develop countries than developed from monetary policy perspective.Terrorism has its massive effects on touristry sedulousness and related businesses. Darnell B. (2010) said, most businesses operating in the effected area gets impact from the thrust of government policies to que ll terrorism, which is another kind of harm which touristry exertion may gets, when the terrorist activities happens. This kind of wide-spread results predict an escalate unattr alertness of tourism in effected areas. It is tangible to secure all of the targets of terrorism at the same time. In the sum up of attacks done by small terrorist groups with least resources, the loss to tourism industry was massive. If be of an attack be measured by the loss which tourism industry faced, the tourism industry al ways paid far great amount than the loss of terrorist group. Hoffman B. (1998) cited that the cost of the bomb was not more than $400, which was the reason of the loss of $550 million in the blast of World Trade Centre in 1993. The amount which is sending to protect the world from terrorism is many billion dollars, while the terrorist cost nothing in front of it.The word terrorism seized the worlds attention in September 11 2001 as a result of destructive and dramatic attack o n core symbols (world trade centre and pentagon) of worlds most powerful country United State of America. The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York exposed the vulnerabilities of the tourism industry and it also change the perception of tourists as to stumble safely and securely. According to Bruck T. and Wickstrom B. (2004), some economic sectors or industries are more vulnerable to terrorist attacks than other and consequently they jump out more losses. The photograph of sector or industry may be due to characteristics of its operation. Tourism industry is perishable and its services can not be sold at another time or stored, once the time passes. So tourism industry will experience the vulnerability in the times of terrorist attacks and it feign on patterns of demand. The main aim of terrorist groups is to fetch the massage of fear to the people as wide as possible. According to Lehrman S. R. (1986), tourists are the soft target for terrorists because politicians and embassies are less attractive as they have huge security measures. Connor, Stafford Gallagher (2009) said, targeting tourists has the potential drop to punish the ideologies of capitalism and trauma the country economy. Richter and Waugh (1986) said that terrorist attacks on overseas tourists are less probable to alienate popular support than they attacks on local targets because in this way they threat to other tourists. Targeting the local tourists would likely to engage the public as a result to retribution of places the existence of the terrorist groups at risk. There are number of studies about tourists choice of destination based on the be and risk of terrorism.Gray P. and Thapa B. (2003) examined the effect of terrorism risk on travel intentions after the September 11 2001 attacks. The results show that travellers were considering the safety concerns and risk of terrorist attacks during travel. McKercher B. and Hui E. 2003) said that, terrorist attacks have an immedi ate but short term impact on tourism and travel flows. They also suggest that after the initial attacks tourism industry has greater effect than the scale of initial attack. According to Connor, Stafford Gallagher (2009), terrorist will continue the biggest threat to the tourism industry and terrorist groups have to be active in order to maintain discipline, interest and morale. This statement is still sound after 19 years later, for this reason we can expect this to be continuing, because terrorist attacks can happen anywhere and no place is safe. Now the biggest challenge to tourism industry is to deal and manage the crisis in the event of terrorist attack.It is difficult to determine the impact of terrorism on tourism industry because twist of tourism and terrorism differ not across the countries but also over the time. Drakos K. and Kutan A. (2003) emphasizes the splendor of differentiating between different types of attacks, the locations of terrorist attacks (e.g. urban or hobnailed areas) and number of casualties. Aziz H. (1995) said terrorism could also be a reaction to irresponsible tourism development. The study of Enders W. and Sandler T. (1991) argue that it is found that the causality is unidirectional, that the terrorists affect the inflow of tourists but not reverse. The different studies, facts and figures show how tourism industry in concomitant country or region is affected by terrorist attacks. The deterrent impact of terrorism on tourism industry in particular country may benefit the tourism in option destinations.Financial impacts of terrorism on tourism industryThe literature on terrorism and tourism is scant. The two studies by Enders et al 1992 and Enders and Sandler 1991 provide observational evidence on the link between tourism sector and terrorism. Enders W. and Sandler T. (1991) used monthly data from 1970 to 1988 and employed VAR (Vector Autoregressive Analysis) to find negative impact of terrorism on tourism in Spain. Acco rding to Drakos K. Kutan A. (2003), Enders et al analyse a large have of European countries, between the periods 1974 to 1988 to find the impacts of terrorist attacks on tourism. They employ time series analysis and ARIMA technique with transfer functions and earn a forecasting model to analyse the impact on tourism in these countries. In these models they used quarterly terrorism data to measure the present value of loss in tourism revenue for selected sample of European countries. According to Enders calculation Italy, Greece and Austria lost $1.16 billion, $.77 and $4.5 billion respectively during 1974 to 1988. During this period all Europeans countries lost in tourism $16.15 billion due to terrorism. They desist that terrorism has significant impact on Europe tourism industry revenue and tourists find substitute destination in order to minimize the risk of experiencing terrorist attacks.The immediate effects of terrorist attacks are death and destruction but the subsequent effects are discourage investment, interrupt travel tourism patterns and destabilise economies. The economic effect of terrorism has been the main subject of number of studies. According to Enders W. Sandler T. (2002), the terrorist attacks have economically significant negative effect on the economic growth these attacks have less persistent and considerably little than the impacts of internal conflict or external war. Frey B. and Luechinger S. (2004), said that terrorists change tricks and tactics in reaction to the government polices, and it has direct effect on investment and economic growth. They also said that the investor decision to invest in particular country is based on economic risk, monetary returns and political risk. The foreign direct investment is one of the economic benefits of tourism, anything that effect on tourism needs to be minimised. Coshall J. (2005) claimed that Pan Am flight bombing in Lockerbie Scotland had minimal impacts on UK tourism and receipts f rom multinational tourists, while September 11 2001 had severe impacts on UK tourism and rest of the world.Different strategic management approaches of the tourism industry may have the same uninflected aspects to improve the performance of industry. According to context of world Tourism organization (2008) the international tourism is increasing day by day as in 2008, the trade happens of more than $944 billion and over 922 million international tourist arrivals at different destinations and 2009 number of tourist arrival to 880 million which is 4% decline compare to 2008. The most affected reign was Europe, curiously UK with a 6% decline.Terrorism can also destroy tourism industry by reducing tourist arrivals in UK. After September 11 2001, terrorist attacks in UK and continued threat of terrorist attacks also reduce the foreign direct investment significantly. According to Ritcher and Waugh (1986), terrorism and political violence can destroy the tourism industry supply and d emand because this industry is super sensitive to these extreme events. However, after September 11, 2001 the world has been threatened by terrorism, and acts of terrorism have increased in many countries including UK. The effects of terrorism on tourism decisions have been an area of research concern on demand. Drakos and Kutan (2003), Pizam A. (1999) and Krakover (2005) all agreed that the severity and frequency of terrorist attacks are negatively match with the tourism demand. The Pizam and Fleischer (2002) said that the frequency of terrorist attacks cause large decline in tourism industry demand. The intervention analysis by Coshall J. (2005) employs explore that the dynamics of the effects of terrorism incidents on those travelling or visiting UK and UK people going abroad.Influence of Media Following a Terrorist AttackModern terrorism is particularly onerous, because of characteristic of its time. The impact of terrorism on macroeconomic is crucial, customers purport thems elves in stress and some kind of continuous fear which emphatically effects the spending patterns. Media plays very important role with regards to terrorists activities around the world. Firstly, terrorist use media to send their massage to the audience, and general public relied on media for data in the times of crises. Now terrorist are using media to advance their causes of attacks. According to Sonmez and Graefe (1998), the escalation of terrorism after 70s has been linked to media, with instantaneous access to the spherical audience. Secondly, the media provide information to the public, what has happened, which normally enamour the public decisions about travel. In the event of terrorist attacks, Fischer H. (2005) discusses the importance of information, he said it is very difficult for emergency personnel to come and communicate the accurate information at the time of terrorist attacks. According to kill Katju (2004), media only report during the time of crises, it pro vides account to particular incident as long as its password and then move toward new news story when it happens. She said tourism industry has a great influence of media reporting and constant coverage of terrorist related incidents discourages the restoration of consumer confidence. Beirman D. (2003) said that the globalisation of media enhanced the ability to report terrorist events as they occurred, it also gives rise some problems and benefits to tourist authorities. In the word of Mansfeld and Pizam (2006), the media coverage and reporting on terrorist attacks have great impact on tourism industry, which transform the terrorism from frightening event into iconic event. Tourism industry needs to monitor media coverage of terrorist events, because this will care tourism industry to develop strategies, which will help it to restore the tourists and travellers confidence.Media have its ital role in endangering fear, among the society the irresponsible reporting generates scen es of ever present possibility of terrorist act. According to Crenshaw M. (1990) the new and fastest ways of communication allow people to know about happens in the other part of the world within minutes about any terrorist attack. On the other hand terrorist groups are adopting the latest techniques to communicate with each other and even sometime just for spreading fear with in the special(prenominal) community to achieve their targets. Czinkota et al (2004) cited that terrorist also using old tralatitious ways to communicate which are unable to penetrate. The latest ways of battery-acid system gives terrorist groups better way to move around. So we can say that media plays very important role for tourism industry in the time of terrorists incidents, as the media medium for terrorists to the public subsequently depend on the same media for more information on that incident.ConclusionThe discussion will cover some of the most basic concepts in the research of terrorism and its i mpacts on tourism. Tourism industry internationally and locally particularly affected by terrorism because when some things happen, it disrupts the activities of tourism and related industries. Every year more than trillion dollars are spent on combating terrorism. This along with billons dollars lost in property damage, loss of human resources and decrease in key industries potential profit like tourism, aviation, hotel and transportation industry. It is a plague on global economy and affects on everyone from entire countries to all the way down to individual. Terrorism in recent years has sparked, increase in fear and demand higher level of security. The cost of terrorism can be busted down into number of areas and come down to direct effects, response costs and negative effects on tourism industry.Terrorism effects tourism activates deeply. This threat compel almost every department of tourism industry, which cause decline in the profit of industry and on the other side the whol e economy has to bear the cost of every single act of terrorism. According to LCCI (2005) report, after 9 11 terrorist attacks, majority of tourism related industries fear high risk of terrorist attacks and they have contingency plan in place to deal with uncertainty. As globalization integrates multinational organizations and financial markets, events like terrorism which spurn economic uncertainty have increasingly international consequences. Terrorism causes unpredictable political and economic consequences, infuses the public with fear and prevents the free flow of capital, labour, and free market principles. Because of their disastrous impacts, occurrences of terrorism have ripe implications on the performance of tourism and related industries around the world. In past few years immediate responses and severe impacts are felt in tourism industry soon after terrorist attacks happened. These sustained reactions can be observed through macroeconomic impacts, government policy res ponses, tourists and investor confidence. As world move towards more liberal economies and democratic political structures, tourism industry must have the ability to adapt and respond to terrorist events. In order to do so, tourism industry and associated businesses, need a more staring(a) picture and understanding of the deleterious effects of terrorism.